Linux入门真经-030GPT分区与parted

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1、GPT分区表结构

GPT类型的分区表中，用于记录分区信息的区块称为LBA。GPT一共有34个LBA，除了LBA0和LBA1有特殊作用之外，LBA2-LBA33都可以用于记录分区表，每一个LBA可以记录4个分区，所以，理论上GPT支持4*32=128个主分区（也支持扩展分区机制，但是基本都用不着了）。GPT还在磁盘的尾部扇区对LBA做了整体的备份，结构图如下（图片摘自维基百科）：

此外，GPT不再有MBR只能识别2T硬盘容量的限制，理论上能识别18EB(1EB=1024PB=1,048,576TB)的磁盘，且单个分区最大可以支持到1840T。

以上介绍了解即可，接下来介绍如何进行GPT格式的磁盘分区。

一般来说，要进行GPT格式的分区，通常使用parted或者gdisk。gdisk不是最简安装的内置命令，本节介绍parted命令。

2、parted分区工具

parted像fdisk一样，提供了一个交互式接口。而且，parted还支持非交互式管理磁盘（更便于我们在shell编程中应用了）。

交互式管理磁盘：

进入交互式环境：parted DEVICE

举例（我们将上节创建的分区删除并重新创建分区）：

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb

GNU Parted 3.1

Using /dev/sdb

Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to viewa list of commands.

(parted)

help可以跳出指引菜单

(parted) help

align-check TYPE N                       check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment

help [COMMAND]                          print general help, or help on COMMAND

mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE              create a new disklabel (partition table)

mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END    make a partition

name NUMBER NAME                        name partition NUMBER as NAME

print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER]    display the partition table, available devices, free space,

       all found partitions, or a particular partition

quit                                    exit program

rescue START END                        rescue a lost partition near START and END

resizepart NUMBER END                   resize partition NUMBER

rmNUMBER                               delete partition NUMBER

select DEVICE                           choose the device to edit

disk_set FLAG STATE                     change the FLAG on selected device

disk_toggle [FLAG]                      toggle the state of FLAG on selected device

setNUMBER FLAG STATE                   change the FLAG on partition NUMBER

toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG onpartition NUMBER

unit UNIT                               set the default unit to UNIT

version                                 display the version number and copyright information of GNU

       Parted

(parted)

查看当前硬盘分区信息：

(parted) print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Disk Flags:

Number Start   End     Size   Type      File system Flags

1     1049kB 10.7GB 10.7GB primary

2     10.7GB 11.8GB 1074MB primary

3     11.8GB 12.9GB 1074MB primary

4     12.9GB 21.5GB 8589MB extended

5     12.9GB 18.3GB 5369MB logical

(parted)

我们可以看到它显示得很清楚，Partition Table:msdos表示该硬盘基于MBR格式进行的分区

删除分区：rm 编号

(parted) rm 1

(parted) rm 2

(parted) rm 3

(parted) rm 4

(parted) rm 5

Error: Partition doesn't exist.  注：扩展分区被删了，逻辑分区自然不复存在

(parted) print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: msdos

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size Type File system Flags

(parted)

创建分区：

使用help [子命令]可以看子命令的相关说明，比如

(parted) help mklabel

mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)

LABEL-TYPEis one of: aix, amiga, bsd, dvh, gpt, mac, msdos, pc98, sun, loop

(parted)

其中，msdos指的是MBR。

首先指明分区表格式为gpt：

(parted) mklabel

New disk label type? gpt

Warning: The existing disk label on/dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost.

Do you want to continue?

Yes/No? yes

(parted) print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

然后新建分区，先看看help：

(parted) help mkpart

mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END    make a partition

         PART-TYPEis one of: primary, logical, extended

       FS-TYPE is one of: btrfs, nilfs2, ext4, ext3, ext2, fat32, fat16, hfsx,hfs+, hfs, jfs,

       swsusp, linux-swap(v1), linux-swap(v0), ntfs, reiserfs, hp-ufs, sun-ufs,xfs, apfs2, apfs1,

       asfs, amufs5, amufs4, amufs3, amufs2, amufs1, amufs0, amufs, affs7,affs6, affs5, affs4,

       affs3, affs2, affs1, affs0, linux-swap, linux-swap(new), linux-swap(old)

       START and END are disk locations, such as 4GB or 10%. Negative values count from the end of

       the disk. For example, -1sspecifies exactly the last sector.



       'mkpart' makes a partition without creating a new file system on thepartition. FS-TYPE may

       be specified to set an appropriate partition ID.

可以看出，新建分区的格式为：

mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END

mkpart 主/扩展/逻辑分区 [文件系统格式] 开始位置结束位置

其中文件系统我们还没介绍，这个是可选项可先不填。

关于始末位置可能有些朋友比较迷惑，不知道从哪里开始。其实你可以尽量填小些，parted随后会告诉你合适的数值，如下：

(parted) mkpart primary 512B 10G

Warning: You requested a partition from512B to 10.0GB (sectors 1..19531250).

The closest location we can manage is17.4kB to 10.0GB (sectors 34..19531250).

Is this still acceptable to you?

Yes/No?No

还记得不，GPT要保留34个lable嘛，键入No之后重新分区

建议前面稍微比提示留大一点点，给分区表让足路，反正也不差一两MB的大小；而且你指定得过小过精确反而会影响parted自动对齐的机制。

(parted) mkpart primary 1 10G

(parted) mkpart primary 10G 15G

(parted) print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start   End     Size    File system Name     Flags

1     1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB               primary

2     10.0GB 15.0GB 5000MB               primary

(parted)

parted是即时保存的，直切quit退出即可

(parted) quit

Information: You may need to update/etc/fstab.

[root@localhost /]# ls /dev/sd*

/dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2

[root@localhost /]#

非交互式

parted [options] [device [command[options...]...]]

其实就是把之前交互式模式里的指令一行写完。

显示硬盘分区信息

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start   End     Size   File system Name    Flags

1     1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB               primary

2     10.0GB 15.0GB 5000MB               primary

删除现有分区

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb rm 1

Information: You may need to update/etc/fstab.

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb rm 2

Information: You may need to update/etc/fstab.

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start End Size File system Name Flags

[root@localhost /]#

新增分区

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb mkpartprimary 1 10G

Information: You may need to update/etc/fstab.

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb mkpartprimary 10G 15G

Information: You may need to update/etc/fstab.

[root@localhost /]# parted /dev/sdb print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB

Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B

Partition Table: gpt

Disk Flags:

Number Start   End     Size   File system Name     Flags

1     1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB               primary

2     10.0GB 15.0GB 5000MB               primary

[root@localhost /]#