本文主要是介绍【甘道夫】Sqoop1.4.4 实现将 Oracle10g 中的增量数据导入 Hive0.13.1 ，并更新Hive中的主表，希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值，需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧！
需求
将Oracle中的业务基础表增量数据导入Hive中，与当前的全量表合并为最新的全量表。
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http://blog.csdn.net/u010967382/article/details/38735381
设计
涉及的三张表：
- 全量表：保存了截止上一次同步时间的全量基础数据表
- 增量表：增量临时表
- 更新后的全量表：更新后的全量数据表
步骤：
- 通过Sqoop将Oracle中的表导入Hive，模拟全量表和增量表
- 通过Hive将“全量表+增量表”合并为“更新后的全量表”，覆盖当前的全量表
步骤1： 通过Sqoop将Oracle中表的导入Hive，模拟全量表和增量表
为了模拟场景，需要一张全量表，和一张增量表，由于数据源有限，所以两个表都来自Oracle中的OMP_SERVICE，全量表包含所有数据，在Hive中名称叫service_all，增量表包含部分时间段数据，在Hive中名称叫service_tmp。
（1）全量表导入：导出所有数据，只要部分字段，导入到Hive指定表里
为实现导入Hive功能，需要先配置HCatalog（HCatalog是Hive子模块）的环境变量，/etc/profile中新增：
export HCAT_HOME=/home/fulong/Hive/apache-hive-0.13.1-bin/hcatalog
执行以下命令导入数据：
fulong@FBI006:~/Sqoop/sqoop-1.4.4/bin$ ./sqoop import \
> --connect jdbc:oracle:thin:@192.168.0.147:1521:ORCLGBK --username SP --password fulong \
> --table OMP_SERVICE \
> --columns "SERVICE_CODE,SERVICE_NAME,SERVICE_PROCESS,CREATE_TIME,ENABLE_ORG,ENABLE_PLATFORM,IF_DEL" \
> --hive-import --hive-table SERVICE_ALL
注意：用户名必须大写
（2）增量表导入：只导出所需时间范围内的数据，只要部分字段，导入到Hive指定表里
使用以下命令导入数据：
fulong@FBI006:~/Sqoop/sqoop-1.4.4/bin$ ./sqoop import \
> --connect jdbc:oracle:thin:@192.168.0.147:1521:ORCLGBK --username SP --password fulong \
> --table OMP_SERVICE \
> --columns "SERVICE_CODE,SERVICE_NAME,SERVICE_PROCESS,CREATE_TIME,ENABLE_ORG,ENABLE_PLATFORM,IF_DEL" \
> --where "CREATE_TIME > to_date('2012/12/4 17:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') and CREATE_TIME < to_date('2012/12/4 18:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')" \
> --hive-import --hive-overwrite --hive-table SERVICE_TMP
注意：
- 由于使用了--hive-overwrite参数，所以该语句可反复执行，往service_tmp表中覆盖插入最新的增量数据；
- Sqoop还支持使用复杂Sql语句查询数据导入，相亲参见http://sqoop.apache.org/docs/1.4.4/SqoopUserGuide.html的“7.2.3.Free-form Query Imports”章节
（3）验证导入结果：列出所有表，统计行数，查看表结构
hive> show tables;
OK
searchlog
searchlog_tmp
service_all
service_tmp
Time taken: 0.04 seconds, Fetched: 4 row(s)
hive> select count(*) from service_all;
Total jobs = 1
Launching Job 1 out of 1
Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1
In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes):
set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number>
In order to limit the maximum number of reducers:
set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number>
In order to set a constant number of reducers:
set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number>
Starting Job = job_1407233914535_0013, Tracking URL = http://FBI003:8088/proxy/application_1407233914535_0013/
Kill Command = /home/fulong/Hadoop/hadoop-2.2.0/bin/hadoop job -kill job_1407233914535_0013
Hadoop job information for Stage-1: number of mappers: 3; number of reducers: 1
2014-08-21 16:51:47,389 Stage-1 map = 0%, reduce = 0%
2014-08-21 16:51:59,816 Stage-1 map = 33%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 1.36 sec
2014-08-21 16:52:01,996 Stage-1 map = 67%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 2.45 sec
2014-08-21 16:52:07,877 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 3.96 sec
2014-08-21 16:52:17,639 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 5.29 sec
MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 5 seconds 290 msec
Ended Job = job_1407233914535_0013
MapReduce Jobs Launched:
Job 0: Map: 3 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 5.46 sec HDFS Read: 687141 HDFS Write: 5 SUCCESS
Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 5 seconds 460 msec
OK
6803
Time taken: 59.386 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s)
hive> select count(*) from service_tmp;
Total jobs = 1
Launching Job 1 out of 1
Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1
In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes):
set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number>
In order to limit the maximum number of reducers:
set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number>
In order to set a constant number of reducers:
set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number>
Starting Job = job_1407233914535_0014, Tracking URL = http://FBI003:8088/proxy/application_1407233914535_0014/
Kill Command = /home/fulong/Hadoop/hadoop-2.2.0/bin/hadoop job -kill job_1407233914535_0014
Hadoop job information for Stage-1: number of mappers: 3; number of reducers: 1
2014-08-21 16:53:03,951 Stage-1 map = 0%, reduce = 0%
2014-08-21 16:53:15,189 Stage-1 map = 67%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 2.17 sec
2014-08-21 16:53:16,236 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 3.38 sec
2014-08-21 16:53:57,935 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 22%, Cumulative CPU 3.78 sec
2014-08-21 16:54:01,811 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 5.34 sec
MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 5 seconds 340 msec
Ended Job = job_1407233914535_0014
MapReduce Jobs Launched:
Job 0: Map: 3 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 5.66 sec HDFS Read: 4720 HDFS Write: 3 SUCCESS
Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 5 seconds 660 msec
OK
13
Time taken: 75.856 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s)
hive> describe service_all;
OK
service_code string
service_name string
service_process string
create_time string
enable_org string
enable_platform string
if_del string
Time taken: 0.169 seconds, Fetched: 7 row(s)
hive> describe service_tmp;
OK
service_code string
service_name string
service_process string
create_time string
enable_org string
enable_platform string
if_del string
Time taken: 0.117 seconds, Fetched: 7 row(s)
步骤2：通过Hive将“全量表+增量表”合并为“更新后的全量表”，覆盖当前的全量表
合并新表的逻辑如下：
- 整个tmp表进入最终表中
- all表的数据中不包含在tmp表service_code范围内的数据全部进入新表
执行以下sql语句可以合并得到更新后的全量表：
hive> select * from service_tmp union all select a.* from service_all a left outer join service_tmp b on a.service_code = b.service_code where b.service_code is null;
我们需要直接将查询结果更新回全量表中：
hive> insert overwrite table service_all select * from service_tmp union all select a.* from service_all a left outer join service_tmp b on a.service_code = b.service_code where b.service_code is null;
注意，将查询结果插入表有以下两类语法：
- INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE tablename1 [PARTITION (partcol1=val1, partcol2=val2 ...) [IF NOT EXISTS]] select_statement1 FROM from_statement;
- INSERT INTO TABLE tablename1 [PARTITION (partcol1=val1, partcol2=val2 ...)] select_statement1 FROM from_statement;
INSERT OVERWRITE 将会覆盖现有数据，由于当前场景需要更新全量表，所以使用了覆盖模式；
INSERT INTO 不会覆盖现有数据，是追加数据
到此为止，Hive中的service_all表已经更新为最新的数据！
在真实场景中，需要结合shell+cron实现该过程的定时执行。
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