本文主要是介绍Oracle LiveLabs实验：DB Security - Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)，希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值，需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧！
概述
此实验申请地址在这里，时间为1小时。
实验帮助在这里。
本实验使用的数据库为19.13。
Introduction
本研讨会介绍 Oracle 透明数据加密 (TDE) 的各种特性和功能。 它使用户有机会学习如何配置这些功能以加密敏感数据。
目标
- 如果需要，对数据库进行冷备份以启用数据库恢复
- 在数据库中启用透明数据加密
- 使用透明数据加密加密数据
Task 1: Allow DB Restore
此步骤是了后续将数据库恢复为未加密状态。
进入实验目录：
sudo su - oracle
cd $DBSEC_LABS/tde
运行数据库备份：
./tde_backup_db.sh
这实际是个冷备份，即将数据库shutdown后，对数据文件目录进行tar。其实还备份了pfile，因为后续会修改系统参数。
一旦完成，它将自动重启容器和可插拔数据库。
Task 2: Create Keystore
在操作系统中创建Keystore目录：
./tde_create_os_directory.sh
创建的目录如下：
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde_seps
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/okv
使用数据库参数来管理 TDE。 这将需要重新启动数据库才能使其中一个参数生效。 该脚本将为您执行重新启动。
./tde_set_tde_parameters.sh
脚本运行前后的变化如下：
## 运行前
## ${ORACLE_HOME}/network/admin/sqlnet.ora为空NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
wallet_root stringNAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
tde_configuration string## 运行后
## ${ORACLE_HOME}/network/admin/sqlnet.ora仍为空NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
wallet_root string /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
tde_configuration string keystore_configuration=FILE
为容器数据库创建软件密钥库 (Oracle Wallet)。 您将看到状态结果从 NOT_AVAILABLE 变为 OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY。
./tde_create_wallet.sh
实际执行的命令和输出为：
-- . Display the status of the Keystore
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS WALLET_TYPE
---------- ---------- ------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------1 CDB$ROOT FILE /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ NOT_AVAILABLE UNKNOWN2 PDB$SEED FILE NOT_AVAILABLE UNKNOWN3 PDB1 FILE NOT_AVAILABLE UNKNOWN4 PDB2 FILE NOT_AVAILABLE UNKNOWN-- . Create the Keystore for CDB
SQL> administer key management create keystore identified by ${DBUSR_PWD};keystore altered.-- . Create the Keystore for all PDBs
SQL> administer key management set keystore open identified by ${DBUSR_PWD} container=all;keystore altered.-- . Display the status of the Keystore
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS WALLET_TYPE
---------- ---------- ------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------1 CDB$ROOT FILE /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY PASSWORD2 PDB$SEED FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY PASSWORD3 PDB1 FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY PASSWORD4 PDB2 FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY PASSWORD现在，您的 Oracle 钱包已创建，状态为打开，但还没有Master Key！
Task 3: Create Master Key
创建容器数据库 TDE 主密钥 (MEK)：
./tde_create_mek_cdb.sh
实际执行的命令和输出为：
-- . Show the status of the current Master Key (MEK)
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------1 CDB$ROOT FILE /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY2 PDB$SEED FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY3 PDB1 FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY4 PDB2 FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY-- . Create the CDB Master Key (MEK)
SQL> ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY USING TAG 'CDB1: Initial Master Key' IDENTIFIED BY ${DBUSR_PWD} WITH BACKUP container=current;
keystore altered.-- . Show the status of the current Master Key (MEK)
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------1 CDB$ROOT FILE /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ OPEN2 PDB$SEED FILE OPEN3 PDB1 FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY4 PDB2 FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY为可插入数据库 pdb1 创建主密钥 (MEK)：
./tde_create_mek_pdb.sh pdb1
实际执行的命令和输出如下，命令和前面是一样的，但是为切换到PDB中执行：
-- 切换到PDB
SQL> alter session set container=${pdbname};-- . Show the status of the current Master Key (MEK)
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------3 PDB1 FILE OPEN_NO_MASTER_KEY-- . Create the CDB Master Key (MEK)
SQL> ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY USING TAG '${pdbname}: Initial Master Key' IDENTIFIED BY ${DBUSR_PWD} WITH BACKUP container=current;keystore altered.-- . Show the status of the current Master Key (MEK)
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------3 PDB1 FILE OPEN
如果你愿意，你可以对 pdb2 做同样的事情……这不是必需的，显示一些带有 TDE 的数据库和一些没有 TDE 的数据库可能会有所帮助：
./tde_create_mek_pdb.sh pdb2
现在，您有一个主密钥，您可以开始加密表空间或列！
Task 4: Create Auto-login Wallet
运行脚本以查看操作系统上的 Oracle Wallet 内容：
./tde_view_wallet_on_os.sh
输出为：
===================================================================================Display the Wallet info on the OS...
===================================================================================. Wallet location and files
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040512542332.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040512585020.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040513003638.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde_seps
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/okv. Display the keystore from the OS-------------------------Note:To view it, run the following OS command:$ orapki wallet display -wallet /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde -pwd Oracle123-------------------------Oracle PKI Tool Release 23.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 23.0.0.0.0
Copyright (c) 2004, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Requested Certificates:
Subject: CN=oracle
User Certificates:
Oracle Secret Store entries:
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY.9623C50C30AD638EE0532C00000A4926
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY.9623C58F05F064BFE0532C00000ACDFE
ORACLE.SECURITY.ID.ENCRYPTION.
ORACLE.SECURITY.KB.ENCRYPTION.
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Trusted Certificates:
您可以查看 Oracle Wallet 在数据库中的样子：
./tde_view_wallet_in_db.sh
实际的执行与输出为：
-- . Display the keystore status
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS WALLET_TYPE
---------- ---------- ------------ ----------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------1 CDB$ROOT FILE /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ OPEN PASSWORD2 PDB$SEED FILE OPEN PASSWORD3 PDB1 FILE OPEN PASSWORD4 PDB2 FILE OPEN PASSWORD-- . Display the keys in the DB
SQL> select con_id, activation_time, key_use, tag from v$encryption_keys order by con_id;CON_ID ACTIVATION_TIME KEY_USE TAG
---------- ------------------------------------ -------------- --------------------------------------------1 05-APR-22 12.54.23.463760 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB CDB1: Initial Master Key3 05-APR-22 12.58.50.293916 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB pdb1: Initial Master Key4 05-APR-22 01.00.36.560789 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB pdb2: Initial Master Key
现在，创建 Autologin Oracle 钱包：
./tde_create_autologin_wallet.sh
实际执行命令为：
SQL> administer key management create auto_login keystore from keystore '${WALLET_DIR}/tde' identified by ${DBUSR_PWD};keystore altered.
运行相同的查询以查看操作系统上的 Oracle Wallet 内容：
./tde_view_wallet_on_os.sh
您现在应该看到 cwallet.sso 文件。
===================================================================================Display the Wallet info on the OS...
===================================================================================. Wallet location and files
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040512542332.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040512585020.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040513003638.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet.p12.lck
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/cwallet.sso <- 说的就是这一行
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde_seps
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/okv. Display the keystore from the OS-------------------------Note:To view it, run the following OS command:$ orapki wallet display -wallet /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde -pwd Oracle123-------------------------Oracle PKI Tool Release 23.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 23.0.0.0.0
Copyright (c) 2004, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Requested Certificates:
Subject: CN=oracle
User Certificates:
Oracle Secret Store entries:
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY.9623C50C30AD638EE0532C00000A4926
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY.9623C58F05F064BFE0532C00000ACDFE
ORACLE.SECURITY.ID.ENCRYPTION.
ORACLE.SECURITY.KB.ENCRYPTION.
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Trusted Certificates:
并且数据库中的 Oracle Wallet 没有任何变化。
./tde_view_wallet_in_db.sh
现在您的自动登录Wallet已创建！
Task 5: Encrypt Existing Tablespace
使用 Linux 命令 strings 查看与 EMPDATA_PROD 表空间关联的数据文件 empdata_prod.dbf 中的数据。 这是一个绕过数据库查看数据的操作系统命令。 这被称为“旁路攻击”，因为数据库不知道它。
./tde_strings_data_empdataprod.sh
输出如下：
===================================================================================View the datafile data of the tablespace EMPDATA_PROD...
===================================================================================. Search the datafile path of the tablespaces EMPDATA_PRODFILE_NAME ONLINE_STATUS
--------------------------------------------- ---------------
/u01/oradata/cdb1/pdb1/empdata_prod.dbf ONLINE. View the datafile content directly through the OS file----------------Note:To view the datafile content directly through the OS file, we use the command:$ strings /u01/oradata/cdb1/pdb1/empdata_prod.dbf | tail -40----------------[...]
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
/D8@
aKd4
/D8@
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
aKd4
testuser
rwark
rlowenth
pjones
mmalfoy
malfoy
hradmin
eu_evan
ebabelcan_candy
bbest
agoodie
aKd4
AAAAAAAAp V < "w k _ S G ; / #t h \ P D 8 ,
; / #
接下来，通过加密整个表空间来加密数据：
./tde_encrypt_tbs.sh
实际执行的命令和输出如下：
===================================================================================Encrypt the tablespace EMPDATA_PROD...
===================================================================================-- . Check if the tablespace EMPDATA_PROD is encrypted or not
SQL> select tablespace_name, encrypted from dba_tablespaces where tablespace_name = 'EMPDATA_PROD';TABLESPACE_NAME ENCRYPTED
------------------------------ ----------
EMPDATA_PROD NO-- . Encrypt the tablespace EMPDATA_PROD
SQL> ALTER TABLESPACE EMPDATA_PROD ENCRYPTION ONLINE USING 'AES256' ENCRYPT;Tablespace altered.-- . Check if the tablespace EMPDATA_PROD is encrypted now
SQL> select tablespace_name, encrypted from dba_tablespaces where tablespace_name = 'EMPDATA_PROD';TABLESPACE_NAME ENCRYPTED
------------------------------ ----------
EMPDATA_PROD YES-- . Display all the encrypted tablespaces in the DB
SQL> select a.name pdb_name, b.name tablespace_name, c.ENCRYPTIONALG algorithmfrom v$pdbs a, v$tablespace b, v$encrypted_tablespaces cwhere a.con_id = b.con_idand b.con_id = c.con_idand b.ts# = c.ts#;PDB_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME ALGORITHM
-------------------- ------------------------------ ----------
PDB1 EMPDATA_PROD AES256
现在，再次尝试“旁路攻击”：
./tde_strings_data_empdataprod.sh
输出如下：
===================================================================================View the datafile data of the tablespace EMPDATA_PROD...
===================================================================================. Search the datafile path of the tablespaces EMPDATA_PRODFILE_NAME ONLINE_STATUS
--------------------------------------------- ---------------
/u01/oradata/cdb1/pdb1/empdata_prod.dbf ONLINE. View the datafile content directly through the OS file----------------Note:To view the datafile content directly through the OS file, we use the command:$ strings /u01/oradata/cdb1/pdb1/empdata_prod.dbf | tail -40----------------[...]
.c</v
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o$4bw
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您会看到所有数据现在都已加密并且不再可见！
Task 6: Encrypt All New Tablespaces
首先，检查初始化参数的当前设置：
./tde_check_init_params.sh
实际执行的命令和输出为：
SQL> select name, valuefrom v$parameterwhere name in ('encrypt_new_tablespaces','tde_configuration','external_keystore_credential_location','wallet_root','one_step_plugin_for_pdb_with_tde');NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
encrypt_new_tablespaces CLOUD_ONLY
one_step_plugin_for_pdb_with_tde FALSE
external_keystore_credential_location
wallet_root /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1
tde_configuration keystore_configuration=FILE
接下来，将初始化参数 ENCRYPT_NEW_TABLESPACES 更改为 ALWAYS，以便所有新表空间都被加密：
./tde_encrypt_all_new_tbs.sh
实际执行的命令和输出为：
===================================================================================Encrypt all new tablespaces...
===================================================================================-- . Show parameters like ENCRYPT
SQL> show parameter %encrypt%
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
_tablespace_encryption_default_algor string AES256
ithm
encrypt_new_tablespaces string CLOUD_ONLY-- . Set "ALWAYS" to the hidden parameter "encrypt_new_tablespaces"
SQL> alter system set encrypt_new_tablespaces = 'ALWAYS' scope=both;System altered.-- . Set "AES256" to the hidden parameter "_tablespace_encryption_default_algorithm"
SQL> alter system set "_tablespace_encryption_default_algorithm" = 'AES256' scope = both;System altered.-- . Show parameters like ENCRYPT
SQL> show parameter %encrypt%
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
_tablespace_encryption_default_algor string AES256
ithm
encrypt_new_tablespaces string ALWAYS
最后，创建一个表空间来测试它。 表空间 TEST 将在不指定加密参数的情况下创建（默认加密为 AES256），之后将被删除。
./tde_create_new_tbs.sh
实际执行的命令和输出为：
===================================================================================Create a new tablespace to show it was encrypted...
===================================================================================. Display all the encrypted tablespaces in the DB
SQL> select a.name pdb_name, b.name tablespace_name, c.ENCRYPTIONALG algorithmfrom v$containers a, v$tablespace b, v$encrypted_tablespaces cwhere a.con_id = b.con_idand b.con_id = c.con_idand b.ts# = c.ts#;PDB_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME ALGORITHM
------------ ------------------------- ----------
PDB1 EMPDATA_PROD AES256. Create a new tablespace TEST without encryption syntax
SQL> create tablespace TEST datafile '${DATA_DIR}/test.dbf' size 15m;
Tablespace created.. Create a table TEST in this new tablespace
SQL> create table test_objects tablespace TEST as select * from dba_objects;Table created.. Verify that this table is correctly located on this tablespace and check if it's encrypted
SQL> select tablespace_name, encrypted from dba_tablespaces where tablespace_name = 'TEST';TABLESPACE_NAME ENCRYPTED
------------------------- ----------
TEST YES. Display all the encrypted tablespaces in the DB
SQL> select a.name pdb_name, b.name tablespace_name, c.ENCRYPTIONALG algorithmfrom v$containers a, v$tablespace b, v$encrypted_tablespaces cwhere a.con_id = b.con_idand b.con_id = c.con_idand b.ts# = c.ts#;PDB_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME ALGORITHM
------------ ------------------------- ----------
PDB1 EMPDATA_PROD AES256
PDB1 TEST AES256. Display the keys in the DB
SQL> select a.name pdb_name, b.key_id, substr(b.CREATION_TIME,1,29) creation_time, b.tagfrom v$containers a, v$encryption_keys bwhere a.con_id = b.con_id;PDB_NAME KEY_ID CREATION_TIME TAG
------------ ----------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------------
PDB1 AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 12.58.50.293914 PM pdb1: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. View the output of strings against test.dbf data file
SQL> !ls -al ${DATA_DIR}/test.dbf-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 15736832 Apr 5 13:27 /u01/oradata/cdb1/test.dbfSQL> !strings ${DATA_DIR}/test.dbf | head -20
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&{@_E. Drop the tablespace TEST
SQL> drop tablespace TEST including contents and datafiles;
Tablespace dropped.
现在，您的新表空间将默认加密！
Task 7: Rekey Master Key
要重新生成容器数据库 TDE 主密钥 (MEK) 的密钥，请运行以下命令：
./tde_rekey_mek_cdb.sh
实际执行的命令和输出为：
===================================================================================Rekey the master key for the container database...
===================================================================================
CDB1: Master Key rekey on 20220405_1331CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT. Show the keystore
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name pdb_name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID PDB_NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------1 CDB$ROOT FILE /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ OPEN2 PDB$SEED FILE OPEN3 PDB1 FILE OPEN4 PDB2 FILE OPEN. Show the keys before rekeying
SQL> select b.name pdb_name, a.key_id, a.activation_time, a.tag from v$encryption_keys a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id, a.activation_time;PDB_NAME KEY_ID ACTIVATION_TIME TAG
---------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
CDB$ROOT AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 12.54.23.463760 PM +00:00 CDB1: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPDB1 AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 12.58.50.293916 PM +00:00 pdb1: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPDB2 ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 01.00.36.560789 PM +00:00 pdb2: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Rekey the CDB key
SQL> ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY USING TAG '${TAG_DATA}' FORCE KEYSTORE IDENTIFIED BY ${DBUSR_PWD} WITH BACKUP container=current;keystore altered.. Show the keys after rekeying
SQL> select b.name pdb_name, a.key_id, a.activation_time, a.tag from v$encryption_keys a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id, a.activation_time;PDB_NAME KEY_ID ACTIVATION_TIME TAG
---------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
CDB$ROOT AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 12.54.23.463760 PM +00:00 CDB1: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACDB$ROOT AcvoCtxfzE9Rv1rfi4uRt2cAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 01.31.12.521638 PM +00:00 CDB1: Master Key rekey on 20220405_1331AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPDB1 AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 12.58.50.293916 PM +00:00 pdb1: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPDB2 ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 01.00.36.560789 PM +00:00 pdb2: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
注意输出中多了1行，表示CDB的MEK已经rekey。
要为可插入数据库 pdb1 重新生成主密钥 (MEK)，请运行以下命令：
./tde_rekey_mek_pdb.sh pdb1
实际执行的命令和输出为：
===================================================================================Rekey the Master Key (MEK) for pluggable database ...
===================================================================================
pdb1: Master Key rekey on 20220405_1335
SQL> alter session set container=${pdbname};
Session altered.SQL> show con_name;CON_NAME
------------------------------
PDB1. Show the keystore
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name pdb_name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID PDB_NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------3 PDB1 FILE OPEN. Show the keys before rekeying
SQL> select b.name pdb_name, a.key_id, a.activation_time, a.tag from v$encryption_keys a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id, a.activation_time;PDB_NAME KEY_ID ACTIVATION_TIME TAG
---------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
PDB1 AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 12.58.50.293916 PM +00:00 pdb1: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. Rekey the PDB key
SQL> ADMINISTER KEY MANAGEMENT SET KEY USING TAG '${TAG_DATA}' FORCE KEYSTORE IDENTIFIED BY ${DBUSR_PWD} WITH BACKUP container=current;
keystore altered.. Show the keys after rekeying
SQL> select b.name pdb_name, a.key_id, a.activation_time, a.tag from v$encryption_keys a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id, a.activation_time;
PDB_NAME KEY_ID ACTIVATION_TIME TAG
---------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
PDB1 AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 12.58.50.293916 PM +00:00 pdb1: Initial Master KeyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPDB1 AXbYD22K6k95vwySAgvCGKQAAAAAAAAAAAAA 05-APR-22 01.35.37.637522 PM +00:00 pdb1: Master Key rekey on 20220405_1335AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
注意输出中多了1行，表示PDB的MEK已经rekey。
Task 8: View Keystore Details
一旦你有了一个密钥库，你就可以运行这些脚本中的任何一个。 您会注意到 ewallet.p12 文件有多个副本。 每次进行更改（包括创建或重新设置密钥）时，都会备份 ewallet.p12 文件。 您还将使用 orapki 查看 Oracle Wallet 文件的内容。
查看与密钥库相关的操作系统文件：
./tde_view_wallet_on_os.sh
其输出为：
===================================================================================Display the Wallet info on the OS...
===================================================================================. Wallet location and files
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040512542332.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040512585020.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040513003638.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet.p12.lck
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/cwallet.sso
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/cwallet.sso.lck
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040513311231.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ewallet_2022040513353752.p12
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde_seps
/etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/okv. Display the keystore from the OS-------------------------Note:To view it, run the following OS command:$ orapki wallet display -wallet /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde -pwd Oracle123-------------------------Oracle PKI Tool Release 23.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 23.0.0.0.0
Copyright (c) 2004, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Requested Certificates:
Subject: CN=oracle
User Certificates:
Oracle Secret Store entries:
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AcvoCtxfzE9Rv1rfi4uRt2cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AXbYD22K6k95vwySAgvCGKQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY.9623C50C30AD638EE0532C00000A4926
ORACLE.SECURITY.DB.ENCRYPTION.MASTERKEY.9623C58F05F064BFE0532C00000ACDFE
ORACLE.SECURITY.ID.ENCRYPTION.
ORACLE.SECURITY.KB.ENCRYPTION.
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AcvoCtxfzE9Rv1rfi4uRt2cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AXbYD22K6k95vwySAgvCGKQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KM.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AcvoCtxfzE9Rv1rfi4uRt2cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.ATUz2AQZmU8Nvyj893ElHvIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AVZFZbolYE+9v8Cjqpx1z9cAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AXbYD22K6k95vwySAgvCGKQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
ORACLE.SECURITY.KT.ENCRYPTION.AZkQFsCj3E+nv0hvGcuDcG4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Trusted Certificates:
查看数据库中的keystore数据：
./tde_view_wallet_in_db.sh
其输出为：
===================================================================================Display the Wallet info in the DB...
===================================================================================--. Display the keystore status
SQL> select a.con_id, b.name, a.wrl_type, a.wrl_parameter, a.status, a.wallet_type from v$encryption_wallet a, v$containers b where a.con_id=b.con_id order by a.con_id;CON_ID NAME WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS WALLET_TYPE
---------- ---------- ------------ ----------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------1 CDB$ROOT FILE /etc/ORACLE/WALLETS/cdb1/tde/ OPEN PASSWORD2 PDB$SEED FILE OPEN PASSWORD3 PDB1 FILE OPEN PASSWORD4 PDB2 FILE OPEN PASSWORD-- . Display the keys in the DB
SQL> select con_id, activation_time, key_use, tag from v\$encryption_keys order by con_id;CON_ID ACTIVATION_TIME KEY_USE TAG
---------- ------------------------------------ -------------- --------------------------------------------1 05-APR-22 12.54.23.463760 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB CDB1: Initial Master Key1 05-APR-22 01.31.12.521638 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB CDB1: Master Key rekey on 20220405_13313 05-APR-22 01.35.37.637522 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB pdb1: Master Key rekey on 20220405_13353 05-APR-22 12.58.50.293916 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB pdb1: Initial Master Key4 05-APR-22 01.00.36.560789 PM +00:00 TDE IN PDB pdb2: Initial Master KeyTask 9: (Optional) Restore Before TDE
注意：如果您想稍后执行 Oracle Key Vault 实验，请勿运行此实验！
首先，恢复pfile：
./tde_restore_init_parameters.sh
实际执行为：
create spfile from pfile='$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/pfile_pre-tde.ora';
然后，恢复数据库(就是通过tar恢复)：
./tde_restore_db.sh
接下来，删除相关的 Oracle Wallet 文件：
./tde_delete_wallet_files.sh
然后，启动容器和可插拔数据库：
./tde_start_db.sh
最后，验证初始化参数中没有设置TDE：
./tde_check_init_params.sh
实际执行与输出为：
SQL> select name, valuefrom v$parameterwhere name in ('encrypt_new_tablespaces','tde_configuration','external_keystore_credential_location','wallet_root','one_step_plugin_for_pdb_with_tde');NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
encrypt_new_tablespaces CLOUD_ONLY
one_step_plugin_for_pdb_with_tde FALSE
external_keystore_credential_location
wallet_root
tde_configuration
Appendix: About the Product
在 Oracle 数据库核心产品中硬编码，此功能是高级安全选项 (ASO) 的一部分
TDE 使您能够加密数据，以便只有授权的接收者才能读取它。
使用加密来保护潜在未受保护环境中的敏感数据，例如您放置在备份媒体上并发送到场外存储位置的数据。 您可以加密数据库表中的各个列，也可以加密整个表空间。
数据加密后，当授权用户或应用程序访问该数据时，该数据被透明地解密。如果存储介质或数据文件被盗，TDE 有助于保护存储在介质上的数据（也称为静态数据）。
Oracle 数据库使用身份验证、授权和审计机制来保护数据库中的数据，而不是存储数据的操作系统数据文件中的数据。为了保护这些数据文件，Oracle 数据库提供了透明数据加密 (TDE)。 TDE 对存储在数据文件中的敏感数据进行加密。为了防止未经授权的解密，TDE 将加密密钥存储在数据库外部的安全模块中，称为密钥库。
您可以将 Oracle Key Vault 配置为 TDE 实施的一部分。这使您能够集中管理企业中的 TDE 密钥库（在 Oracle Key Vault 中称为 TDE 钱包）。例如，您可以将软件密钥库上传到 Oracle Key Vault，然后将此密钥库的内容提供给其他启用 TDE 的数据库。
Want to Learn More?
参考文档：Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) 19c
还有2个视频，是高阶培训：
- Understanding Oracle Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) - Part1 (February 2020)
- Understanding Oracle Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) - Part2 (February 2020)
- Database Security Office Hours
Acknowledgements
本实验的作者为Hakim Loumi，数据库安全的PM。贡献者为Rene Fontcha。
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