通过Docker Compose部署MySQL的详细教程

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《通过DockerCompose部署MySQL的详细教程》DockerCompose作为Docker官方的容器编排工具,为MySQL数据库部署带来了显著优势,下面小编就来为大家详细介绍一...

一、Docker Compose 部署 MySQL 的优势

Docker Compose 作为 Docker 官方的容器编排工具，为 MySQL 数据库部署带来了显著优势：

声明式配置管理：所有服务参数通过 YAML 文件集中定义，避免了复杂的命令行参数

多服务协同：轻松实现 MySQL 与 Web 应用、缓存等服务的集成部署

环境一致性：开发、测试、生产环境使用相同配置，消除环境差异问题

快速重建：一键完成服务停止、重建和启动，简化维护流程

版本控制友好：docker-compose.yml 文件可纳入 Git 等版本控制系统管理

二、环境准备与基础配置

2.1 项目目录结构

推荐的标准目录布局：

mysql-project/
├── docker-compose.yml
├── config/
│ └── my.cnf
├── data/
│ └── mysql/
├── initdb/
│ └── init.sql
└── .env

2.2 基础 docker-compose.yml

version: "3.8"

services:
  mysql:
  php  image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: rootpassword
      MYSQL_DATABASE: appdb
      MYSQL_USER: appuser
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: userpass
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    volumes:
      - ./data/mysql:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./config/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/my.cnf
      - ./initdb:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
    restart: unless-stopped

三、生产环境部署方案

3.1 完整配置示例

version: "3.8"

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: production_mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWOpythonRD: ${DB_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${DB_NAME}
      MYSQL_USER: ${DB_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${DB_PASSWORD}
      TZ: Asia/Shanghai
    ports:
      - "${DB_PORT}:3306"
    volumes:
      - mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./config/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/my.cnf:ro
      - ./backups:/backups
    networks:
      - backend
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: "2"
          memory: 2G
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 3

volumes:
  mysql_data:
    driver: local
    driver_opts:
      type: none
      device: ./data/mysql
      o: bind

networks:
  backend:
    driver: bridge

3.2 环境变量文件(.env)

DB_ROOT_PASSWORD=your_strong_root_password
DB_NAME=production_db
DB_USER=app_user
DB_PASSWORD=your_app_user_password
DB_PORT=3306

四、高级配置技巧

4.1 主从复制配置

services:
  mysql-masChina编程ter:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: masterpass
      MYSQL_REPLICATION_USER: repl_user
      MYSQL_REPLICATION_PASSWORD: repl_pass
    command:
      - --server-id=1
      - --log-bin=mysql-bin
      - --binlog-format=ROW
    volumes:
      - master_data:/var/lib/mysql
    networks:
      - mysql-cluster

  mysql-slave:
    image: mysql:8.0
    depends_on:
      - mysql-master
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: slavepass
      MYSQL_MASTER_HOST: mysql-master
      MYSQL_MASTER_USER: repl_user
      MYSQL_MASTER_PASSWORD: repl_pass
    command:
      - --server-id=2
    volumes:
      - slave_data:/var/lib/mysql
    networks:
      - mysqhttp://www.chinasem.cnl-cluster

volumes:
  master_data:
  slave_data:

networks:
  mysql-cluster:
    driver: bridge

4.2 多环境配置管理

base-compose.yml:

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:${MYSQL_VERSION:-8.0}
    volumes:
      - ${DATA_VOLUME:-mysql_data}:/var/lib/mysql

docker-compose.prod.yml:

services:
  mysql:
    extends:
      file: base-compose.yml
      service: mysql
    environment:
      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=${PROD_DB_PASSWORD}
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 4G

五、安全加固方案

5.1 安全配置示例

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    user: "999:999"
    cap_drop:
      - ALL
    security_opt:
      - no-new-privileges:true
    environment:
      - MYSQL_SECURE_TRANSPORT=ON
      - MYSQL_SSL=ON
    volumes:
      - ./ssl:/etc/mysql/ssl

5.2 网络隔离

networks:
  internal:
    internal: true
  external:
    driver: bridge

services:
  mysql:
    networks:
      - internal
  app:
    networks:
      - internal
      - external

六、备份与恢复方案

6.1 备份服务配置

services:
  mysql:
    # ...原有配置...
    volumes:
      - ./backups:/backups

  backup:
    image: mysql:8.0
    depends_on:
      - mysql
    volumes:
      - ./backups:/backups
    command: >
      sh -c 'while true; do
        sleep 86400;
        mysqldump -h mysql -u root -p$$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD --all-databases | gzip > /backups/backup_$$(date +%Y%m%d).sql.gz;
      done'
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${DB_ROOT_PASSWORD}

6.2 恢复流程

停止服务：

docker-compose stop mysql

恢复数据：

docker-compose run --rm mysql bash -c "gunzip < /backups/backup_20230101.sql.gz | mysql -u root -p${DB_ROOT_PASSWORD}"

七、性能优化建议

7.1 资源限制与调优

services:
  mysql:
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: "4"
          memory: 8G
    environment:
      - MYSQL_INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_SIZE=4G
      - MYSQL_INNODB_LOG_FILE_SIZE=1G
      - MYSQL_TABLE_OPEN_CACHE=4000
      - MYSQL_MAX_CONNECTIONS=500

7.2 监控集成

services:
  mysql:
    environment:
      - MYSQL_PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA=ON
    labels:
      - "prometheus.monitoring=true"

  prometheus:
    image: prom/prometheus
    ports:
      - "9090:9090"
    volumes:
      - ./prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml

八、日常运维管理

8.1 常用命令

启动服务：

docker-compose up -d

查看日志：

docker-compose logs -f mysql

执行备份：

docker-compose exec mysql mysqldump -u root -p${DB_ROOT_PASSWORD} --all-databases > backup.sql

8.2 版本升级流程

备份数据

修改 docker-compose.yml 中的镜像版本

执行更新：

docker-compose pull mysql
docker-compose up -d --force-recreate mysql

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