本文主要是介绍【稀疏矩阵】使用torch.sparse模块，希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值，需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧！
文章目录
- 稀疏矩阵的格式
- coo
- csr
- csc
- Construction of Sparse COO tensors
- Construction of CSR tensors
- Linear Algebra operations（稀疏与稠密之间混合运算）
- Tensor methods and sparse（与稀疏有关的tensor成员函数）
- coo张量可用的tensor成员函数（经实测，csr也有一些可以用，比如dim()）
- Torch functions specific to sparse Tensors（与稀疏有关的torch函数）
- 支持稀疏张量的常规torch函数
- 支持稀疏张量的一元函数
稀疏矩阵的格式
目前，torch.sparse和scipy.sparse模块比较支持的主流的稀疏矩阵格式有coo格式、csr格式和csc格式，这三种格式中可供使用的API也最多。
coo
将矩阵中非零元素的坐标和值分开存储在3个数组中，3个数组长度必须相同，表示有n个非零元素。
csr
分 Index Pointers、Indices、Data3个数组存储。
Index Pointers：第i个元素记录这个矩阵的第i行的第1个非零值在Data数组的起始位置，第i+1个元素记录这个矩阵的第i行的最后一个非零值在Data数组的终止位置（不包含右边界）。因此，这个矩阵的行数等于len(Index Pointers)-1，第i行非零值的个数等于Index Pointers[i+1]-Index Pointers[i]。Indices：第i个元素记录这个矩阵的第i个非零值的列坐标。Data：第i个元素记录这个矩阵的第i个非零值的具体数值，排列顺序严格按照行优先，列次先。
csc
与csr唯一的不同在于列优先，其他规则一模一样。
Construction of Sparse COO tensors
- 常规构建
>>> i = [[0, 1, 1],[2, 0, 2]]
>>> v = [3, 4, 5]
>>> s = torch.sparse_coo_tensor(i, v, (2, 3))
>>> s
tensor(indices=tensor([[0, 1, 1],[2, 0, 2]]),values=tensor([3, 4, 5]),size=(2, 3), nnz=3, layout=torch.sparse_coo)
>>> s.to_dense()
tensor([[0, 0, 3],[4, 0, 5]])
torch中，稀疏矩阵的存储方式记录在 tensor.layout中，可以通过检查 torch.layout == torch.sparse_coo来判断是否是coo张量。此外，稠密张量的 layout等于 strided。
- 稠密混合的coo张量
>>> i = [[0, 1, 1],[2, 0, 2]]
>>> v = [[3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]]
>>> s = torch.sparse_coo_tensor(i, v, (2, 3, 2))
>>> s
tensor(indices=tensor([[0, 1, 1],[2, 0, 2]]),values=tensor([[3, 4],[5, 6],[7, 8]]),size=(2, 3, 2), nnz=3, layout=torch.sparse_coo)
此方案与常规的coo构建方式不同，values中每个元素可以是一个向量，表示对应坐标的稠密张量，因此，创建出的coo张量也多出了一个维度。
- 带有重复坐标的coo张量
>>> i = [[1, 1]]
>>> v = [3, 4]
>>> s=torch.sparse_coo_tensor(i, v, (3,))
>>> s
tensor(indices=tensor([[1, 1]]),values=tensor( [3, 4]),size=(3,), nnz=2, layout=torch.sparse_coo)
>>> s.to_dense()
tensor([0, 7, 0])
如果输入的坐标有重复，则创建出的coo张量会自动把坐标重复的元素值相加。此外，可以通过成员函数 .coalesce()把重复坐标的元素值相加，将这个coo转换成一个不重复的张量；也可以通过 .is_coalesced()检查这个coo是否存在重复的坐标。
Construction of CSR tensors
按照 Index Pointers、Indices、Data三个数组的定义构建即可。
>>> crow_indices = torch.tensor([0, 2, 4])
>>> col_indices = torch.tensor([0, 1, 0, 1])
>>> values = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> csr = torch.sparse_csr_tensor(crow_indices, col_indices, values, dtype=torch.float64)
>>> csr
tensor(crow_indices=tensor([0, 2, 4]),col_indices=tensor([0, 1, 0, 1]),values=tensor([1., 2., 3., 4.]), size=(2, 2), nnz=4,dtype=torch.float64)
>>> csr.to_dense()
tensor([[1., 2.],[3., 4.]], dtype=torch.float64)
Linear Algebra operations（稀疏与稠密之间混合运算）
M表示2-D张量，V表示1-D张量，f表示标量，*表示逐元素乘法，@表示矩阵乘法。M[SparseSemiStructured]表示一种半结构化的稀疏矩阵，此处不再展开，可以自行去torch官网察看。
| PyTorch operation | Sparse grad | Layout signature |
|---|---|---|
| torch.mv() | no | M[sparse_coo] @ V[strided] -> V[strided] |
| torch.mv() | no | M[sparse_csr] @ V[strided] -> V[strided] |
| torch.matmul() | no | M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided] -> M[strided] |
| torch.matmul() | no | M[sparse_csr] @ M[strided] -> M[strided] |
| torch.matmul() | no | M[SparseSemiStructured] @ M[strided] -> M[strided] |
| torch.matmul() | no | M[strided] @ M[SparseSemiStructured] -> M[strided] |
| torch.mm() | no | M[strided] @ M[SparseSemiStructured] -> M[strided] |
| torch.mm() | no | M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided] -> M[strided] |
| torch.mm() | no | M[SparseSemiStructured] @ M[strided] -> M[strided] |
| torch.sparse.mm() | yes | M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided] -> M[strided] |
| torch.smm() | no | M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided] -> M[sparse_coo] |
| torch.hspmm() | no | M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided] -> M[hybrid sparse_coo] |
| torch.bmm() | no | T[sparse_coo] @ T[strided] -> T[strided] |
| torch.addmm() | no | f * M[strided] + f * (M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided]) -> M[strided] |
| torch.addmm() | no | f * M[strided] + f * (M[SparseSemiStructured] @ M[strided]) -> M[strided] |
| torch.addmm() | no | f * M[strided] + f * (M[strided] @ M[SparseSemiStructured]) -> M[strided] |
| torch.sparse.addmm() | yes | f * M[strided] + f * (M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided]) -> M[strided] |
| torch.sspaddmm() | no | f * M[sparse_coo] + f * (M[sparse_coo] @ M[strided]) -> M[sparse_coo] |
| torch.lobpcg() | no | GENEIG(M[sparse_coo]) -> M[strided], M[strided] |
| torch.pca_lowrank() | yes | PCA(M[sparse_coo]) -> M[strided], M[strided], M[strided] |
| torch.svd_lowrank() | yes | SVD(M[sparse_coo]) -> M[strided], M[strided], M[strided] |
以上API中，如果 Layout signature中提供了 @或者 *操作符，就不需要记住API，直接通过操作符即可隐式调用对应的API。如：
>>> a = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 1, 0], [1, 2, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=torch.float64)
>>> sp = a.to_sparse_csr()
>>> vec = torch.randn(4, 1, dtype=torch.float64)
>>> sp.matmul(vec)
tensor([[ 0.4788],[-3.2338],[ 0.0000]], dtype=torch.float64)
>>> sp @ vec
tensor([[ 0.4788],[-3.2338],[ 0.0000]], dtype=torch.float64)
需要注意的是，使用操作符在稀疏张量和稠密张量之间乘法运算时，返回的都是稠密张量。如果想要返回稀疏张量，需要显式使用torch.smm()。
torch同样支持稀疏与稀疏之间的运算，但要求输入的稀疏张量必须具有相同的稀疏结构，否则会报错，返回的稀疏张量的稀疏结构也与输入相同。
乘法运算：
>>> a = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 1, 0], [1, 2, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=torch.float64)
>>> b = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 2, 0], [3, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 4, 0], [1, 0, 0, 1]], dtype=torch.float64)
>>> sp1 = a.to_sparse_coo()
>>> sp2 = b.to_sparse_coo()
>>> sp1 @ sp2
tensor(indices=tensor([[0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3],[2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]]),values=tensor([4., 6., 2., 2., 3., 1., 2.]),size=(4, 4), nnz=7, dtype=torch.float64, layout=torch.sparse_coo)
加法运算
>>> a = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 1, 0], [1, 2, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=torch.float64)
>>> b = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 2, 0], [3, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 4, 0], [1, 0, 0, 1]], dtype=torch.float64)
>>> sp1 = a.to_sparse_coo()
>>> sp2 = b.to_sparse_coo()
>>> sp3 = b.to_sparse_csr()
>>> sp1 + sp2
tensor(indices=tensor([[0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3],[2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 3]]),values=tensor([3., 4., 3., 1., 4., 2., 1.]),size=(4, 4), nnz=7, dtype=torch.float64, layout=torch.sparse_coo)
>>> sp1 + sp3
UserWarning: Sparse CSR tensor support is in beta state. If you miss a functionality in the sparse tensor support, please submit a feature request to https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues. (Triggered internally at C:\actions-runner\_work\pytorch\pytorch\builder\windows\pytorch\aten\src\ATen\SparseCsrTensorImpl.cpp:55.)sp3 = b.to_sparse_csr()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\MD_notes\main.py", line 18, in <module>print(sp1 + sp3)
RuntimeError: memory format option is only supported by strided tensors
Tensor methods and sparse（与稀疏有关的tensor成员函数）
| PyTorch operation | return |
|---|---|
| Tensor.is_sparse | IsTrue if the Tensor uses sparse COO storage layout, False otherwise. |
| Tensor.is_sparse_csr | IsTrue if the Tensor uses sparse CSR storage layout, False otherwise. |
| Tensor.dense_dim | Return the number of dense dimensions in a sparse tensorself. |
| Tensor.sparse_dim | Return the number of sparse dimensions in a sparse tensorself. |
这里打断一下表格，讲解一下dense_dim和sparse_dim的含义。上文中，我们曾构建过稠密混合的coo张量，如下：
>>> i = [[0, 1, 1],[2, 0, 2]]
>>> v = [[3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8]]
>>> s = torch.sparse_coo_tensor(i, v, (2, 3, 2))
>>> s
tensor(indices=tensor([[0, 1, 1],[2, 0, 2]]),values=tensor([[3, 4],[5, 6],[7, 8]]),size=(2, 3, 2), nnz=3, layout=torch.sparse_coo)
那么，对于这个tensor，它的dense_dim为1，sparse_dim为2。
此外，在进行稀疏与稀疏之间的数学运算时，一定要保证稀疏张量的sparse_dim等于2.
继续表格。
| PyTorch operation | return |
|---|---|
| Tensor.sparse_mask | Returns a new sparse tensor with values from a strided tensorself filtered by the indices of the sparse tensor mask. |
| Tensor.to_sparse | Returns a sparse copy of the tensor. |
| Tensor.to_sparse_coo | Convert a tensor to coordinate format. |
| Tensor.to_sparse_csr | Convert a tensor to compressed row storage format (CSR). |
| Tensor.to_sparse_csc | Convert a tensor to compressed column storage (CSC) format. |
| Tensor.to_sparse_bsr | Convert a tensor to a block sparse row (BSR) storage format of given blocksize. |
| Tensor.to_sparse_bsc | Convert a tensor to a block sparse column (BSC) storage format of given blocksize. |
| Tensor.to_dense | Creates a strided copy ofself if self is not a strided tensor, otherwise returns self. |
| Tensor.values | Return the values tensor of a sparse COO tensor. |
以下是仅限coo张量的成员：
| PyTorch operation | return |
|---|---|
| Tensor.coalesce | Returns a coalesced copy ofself if self is an uncoalesced tensor. |
| Tensor.sparse_resize_ | Resizesself sparse tensor to the desired size and the number of sparse and dense dimensions. |
| Tensor.sparse_resize_and_clear_ | Removes all specified elements from a sparse tensorself and resizes self to the desired size and the number of sparse and dense dimensions. |
| Tensor.is_coalesced | ReturnsTrue if self is a sparse COO tensor that is coalesced, False otherwise. |
| Tensor.indices | Return the indices tensor of a sparse COO tensor. |
以下是仅限csr和bsr张量的成员：
| PyTorch operation | return |
|---|---|
| Tensor.crow_indices | Returns the tensor containing the compressed row indices of theself tensor when self is a sparse CSR tensor of layout sparse_csr. |
| Tensor.col_indices | Returns the tensor containing the column indices of theself tensor when self is a sparse CSR tensor of layout sparse_csr. |
以下是仅限csc和bsc张量的成员：
| PyTorch operation | return |
|---|---|
| Tensor.row_indices | … |
| Tensor.ccol_indices | … |
coo张量可用的tensor成员函数（经实测，csr也有一些可以用，比如dim()）
add() add_() addmm() addmm_() any() asin() asin_() arcsin() arcsin_() bmm() clone() deg2rad() deg2rad_() detach() detach_() dim() div() div_() floor_divide() floor_divide_() get_device() index_select() isnan() log1p() log1p_() mm() mul() mul_() mv() narrow_copy() neg() neg_() negative() negative_() numel() rad2deg() rad2deg_() resize_as_() size() pow() sqrt() square() smm() sspaddmm() sub() sub_() t() t_() transpose() transpose_() zero_()
Torch functions specific to sparse Tensors（与稀疏有关的torch函数）
| PyTorch operation | return |
|---|---|
| sparse_coo_tensor | Constructs a sparse tensor in COO(rdinate) format with specified values at the givenindices. |
| sparse_csr_tensor | Constructs a sparse tensor in CSR (Compressed Sparse Row) with specified values at the givencrow_indices and col_indices. |
| sparse_csc_tensor | Constructs a sparse tensor in CSC (Compressed Sparse Column) with specified values at the givenccol_indices and row_indices. |
| sparse_bsr_tensor | Constructs a sparse tensor in BSR (Block Compressed Sparse Row)) with specified 2-dimensional blocks at the givencrow_indices and col_indices. |
| sparse_bsc_tensor | Constructs a sparse tensor in BSC (Block Compressed Sparse Column)) with specified 2-dimensional blocks at the givenccol_indices and row_indices. |
| sparse_compressed_tensor | Constructs a sparse tensor in Compressed Sparse format - CSR, CSC, BSR, or BSC - with specified values at the givencompressed_indices and plain_indices. |
| sparse.sum | Return the sum of each row of the given sparse tensor. |
| sparse.addmm | This function does exact same thing as torch.addmm() in the forward, except that it supports backward for sparse COO matrixmat1. |
| sparse.sampled_addmm | Performs a matrix multiplication of the dense matricesmat1 and mat2 at the locations specified by the sparsity pattern of input. |
| sparse.mm | Performs a matrix multiplication of the sparse matrixmat1 |
| sspaddmm | Matrix multiplies a sparse tensormat1 with a dense tensor mat2, then adds the sparse tensor input to the result. |
| hspmm | Performs a matrix multiplication of a sparse COO matrixmat1 and a strided matrix mat2. |
| smm | Performs a matrix multiplication of the sparse matrixinput with the dense matrix mat. |
| sparse.softmax | Applies a softmax function. |
| sparse.log_softmax | Applies a softmax function followed by logarithm. |
| sparse.spdiags | Creates a sparse 2D tensor by placing the values from rows ofdiagonals along specified diagonals of the output |
支持稀疏张量的常规torch函数
cat() dstack() empty() empty_like() hstack() index_select() is_complex() is_floating_point() is_nonzero() is_same_size() is_signed() is_tensor() lobpcg() mm() native_norm() pca_lowrank() select() stack() svd_lowrank() unsqueeze() vstack() zeros() zeros_like()
支持稀疏张量的一元函数
The following operators currently support sparse COO/CSR/CSC/BSR tensor inputs.
abs() asin() asinh() atan() atanh() ceil() conj_physical() floor() log1p() neg() round() sin() sinh() sign() sgn() signbit() tan() tanh() trunc() expm1() sqrt() angle() isinf() isposinf() isneginf() isnan() erf() erfinv()
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