本文主要是介绍独辟蹊径：我是如何用Java自创一套工作流引擎的（上），希望对大家解决编程问题提供一定的参考价值，需要的开发者们随着小编来一起学习吧！
作者：后端小肥肠
创作不易，未经允许严谨转载。
目录
1. 前言
2. 我为什么要自创一套工作流引擎
3. 表结构设计及关系讲解
3.1. 流程类别business_approval_workflow
3.1.1. 表结构
3.1.2. 表关系说明
3.2. 流程定义business_approval_workflow_detail
3.2.1. 表结构
3.2.2. 表关系说明
3.3. 流程任务记录approval_detail
3.3.1. 表结构
3.3.2. 表关系说明
3.4. 流程审批历史 approval_history
3.4.1. 表结构
3.4.2. 表关系说明
3.5. 申请表（流程实例）request
3.5.1. 表结构
4. 核心代码讲解
4.1. 设计用户表
4.2. 集成权限框架SpringSecurity
4.3. 工作流基础代码
4.4. 提交申请
4.5. 查看待我审批
4.6. 执行审批操作
4.7. 查看我已审批
5. 结语
1. 前言
在当前的技术生态中，工作流引擎如Activiti7和Flowable已经成为企业自动化的重要组成部分。然而，使用这些流行解决方案往往伴随着不小的学习成本，特别是Activiti7与Spring Security深度集成，使得不采用Security作为权限框架的系统面临集成上的挑战。此外，许多业务场景并不需要如此复杂的工作流框架。因此，出于对更灵活、更轻量级工作流解决方案的追求，我决定自主开发一套工作流引擎，以更好地满足特定的业务需求，同时减少对外部库的依赖。这不仅是一次技术上的挑战，也是对现有工作流理念的一次实践探索。
2. 我为什么要自创一套工作流引擎
熟悉我的博客读者都知道，我曾经基于Activiti7开发了一套成熟的工作流管理框架。然而，为何我还要自己动手创造一套新的工作流引擎呢？答案很简单：追求轻量化和更精准的边界。我长期专注于数据中台项目，涉及数据的汇集、管理与分发，其中审批流程即为其中一环。除了一个复杂的自定义流程设计和动态指定审批人的项目外，绝大多数系统仅需简单的审批流程，通常仅需1至2级审批，不涉及复杂的流程设计工具。
因此，我开发了一套轻量级工作流引擎，仅需要5张表就能完全满足简单审批流程的需求。这种定制化的设计不仅极大地简化了系统架构，还充分体现了对于业务需求精准匹配的追求。
这一决定不仅是技术上的挑战，更是对传统工作流理念的一次革新实践。
3. 表结构设计及关系讲解
3.1. 流程类别business_approval_workflow
3.1.1. 表结构
CREATE TABLE "public"."business_approval_workflow" ("id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"name" varchar(50) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,CONSTRAINT "business_approval_workflow_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
)
;ALTER TABLE "public"."business_approval_workflow" OWNER TO "postgres";COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."business_approval_workflow"."name" IS '业务流程名称';business_approval_workflow为流程类别表，定义系统中所需流程，id为业务流程id，name为业务流程名称。
3.1.2. 表关系说明
该表为流程类别表，系统中涉及的所有流程都记录在该表中。
3.2. 流程定义business_approval_workflow_detail
3.2.1. 表结构
CREATE TABLE "public"."business_approval_workflow_detail" ("id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"workflow_id" varchar(20) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"serial_number" int4 NOT NULL,"node_name" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"node_username" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"is_final" varchar(1) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,CONSTRAINT "business_approval_workflow_detail_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
)
;ALTER TABLE "public"."business_approval_workflow_detail" OWNER TO "postgres";COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."business_approval_workflow_detail"."workflow_id" IS '业务流程id';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."business_approval_workflow_detail"."serial_number" IS '流程序号';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."business_approval_workflow_detail"."node_name" IS '任务节点名称';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."business_approval_workflow_detail"."node_username" IS '处理任务节点的username';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."business_approval_workflow_detail"."is_final" IS '是否最后一道审批;，1表示是，0表示不是';3.2.2. 表关系说明
business_approval_workflow_detail为流程定义表，定义流程表中的workflow_id对应business_approval_workflow中的id（逻辑外键）。
该表主要用于定义已知流程中有哪些任务节点（node_name），节点是顺序(serial_number)，任务节点的审批人（node_username）。
3.3. 流程任务记录approval_detail
3.3.1. 表结构
approval_detail表记录流程审批过程中任务节点的状态。
CREATE TABLE "public"."approval_detail" ("id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"request_id" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"approver_username" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"approval_time" timestamp(6),"next_approver_username" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","status" varchar(6) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"remark" varchar(900) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","workflow_id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"version" int4 NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,"is_deleted" int4 NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,"create_time" timestamp(6),"update_time" timestamp(6),"node_name" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","next_node_name" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default",CONSTRAINT "approval_detail_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
)
;ALTER TABLE "public"."approval_detail" OWNER TO "postgres";COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."id" IS '主键';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."request_id" IS 'request表id';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."approver_username" IS '审批人username';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."approval_time" IS '审批时间';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."next_approver_username" IS '下一个审批人的username';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."status" IS '审批状态;1.待我审批;2.通过;3.驳回; ';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."remark" IS '审批意见';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."workflow_id" IS '业务流程id';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."node_name" IS '当前任务节点名称';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_detail"."next_node_name" IS '下一任务节点名称';3.3.2. 表关系说明
approval_detail表记录流程运行中的任务节点信息。request_id对应request表中的id(逻辑外键)；workflow_id对应business_approval_workflow表中的id（逻辑外键），此表可以类比理解为Activiti7中的act_ru_task。
3.4. 流程审批历史 approval_history
3.4.1. 表结构
approval_history表记录流程运行时或运转后每个任务节点的历史信息。
CREATE TABLE "public"."approval_history" ("id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"request_id" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"approver_name" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"approval_time" timestamp(6),"status" varchar(1) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","remark" varchar(900) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","workflow_id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"version" int4 NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,"is_deleted" int4 NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,"applicant_phone" varchar(11) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","purpose" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","applicant_name" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","approver_username" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"create_time" timestamp(6),"update_time" timestamp(6),CONSTRAINT "approval_history_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
)
;ALTER TABLE "public"."approval_history" OWNER TO "postgres";COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."request_id" IS '申请id';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."approver_name" IS '审批人姓名';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."approval_time" IS '审批时间';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."status" IS '审批状态1.待我审批;2.通过;3.驳回';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."remark" IS '审批意见';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."workflow_id" IS '业务流程id';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."applicant_phone" IS '申请人电话';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."purpose" IS '申请理由';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."applicant_name" IS '申请人姓名';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."approval_history"."approver_username" IS '审批人username';3.4.2. 表关系说明
在approval_history表中，request_id对应request表中的id（逻辑外键）；workflow_id对应business_approval_workflow表中的id（逻辑外键）。
3.5. 申请表（流程实例）request
3.5.1. 表结构
request表为申请表，同时也记录着整个流程的审批状态，当用户提交申请时在该表中填充数据，当审批状态发生改变时需要同步更新request表中status的状态，与approval_detail中的status不同，request表中status记录的是整个流程的审批状态。
CREATE TABLE "public"."request" ("id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"workflow_id" varchar(32) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"create_time" timestamp(6) NOT NULL,"purpose" varchar(900) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"status" varchar(1) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"version" int4 DEFAULT 1,"applicant_name" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","applicant_phone" varchar(11) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","is_deleted" int4 DEFAULT 0,"update_time" timestamp(6),"applicat_username" varchar(50) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","applicat_unit" varchar(50) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","resource_id" varchar(255) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" DEFAULT ''::character varying
)
;ALTER TABLE "public"."request" OWNER TO "postgres";COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."workflow_id" IS '业务类型id';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."create_time" IS '申请时间;数据库自动填充';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."purpose" IS '使用目的';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."status" IS '审批状态;1.正在审核;2.通过;3.驳回';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."applicant_name" IS '申请人姓名';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."applicant_phone" IS '申请人电话';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."update_time" IS '更新时间';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."applicat_username" IS '申请用户名';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."applicat_unit" IS '申请单位';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."request"."resource_id" IS '申请资源id';4. 核心代码讲解
4.1. 设计用户表
CREATE TABLE "public"."sys_user" ("id" varchar(40) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" NOT NULL,"username" varchar(60) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","password" varchar(60) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default","nick_name" varchar(60) COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default",CONSTRAINT "sys_user_pkey" PRIMARY KEY ("id")
)
;ALTER TABLE "public"."sys_user" OWNER TO "postgres";CREATE INDEX "username" ON "public"."sys_user" USING btree ("username" COLLATE "pg_catalog"."default" "pg_catalog"."text_ops" ASC NULLS LAST
);COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."sys_user"."id" IS '用户 ID';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."sys_user"."username" IS '用户名';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."sys_user"."password" IS '密码，加密存储';COMMENT ON COLUMN "public"."sys_user"."nick_name" IS '昵称';COMMENT ON TABLE "public"."sys_user" IS '用户信息表';在表中写死几个用户，设定好他们的角色。
4.2. 集成权限框架SpringSecurity
工作流一般都需要跟权限框架联动，这里假设整合的是SpringSecurity（实际上我没整合权限框架，哈哈，我把用户都写死在代码里面了），整合步骤就略过了，我之出过SpringSecurity系列，包含了用户登录、权限和菜单分配，都有很详细的代码，链接如下：
【Spring Security系列】Spring Security+JWT+Redis实现用户认证登录及登出_spring security jwt 退出登录-CSDN博客
【Spring Security系列】基于Spring Security实现权限动态分配之用户-角色分配_springsecurity新增角色分配权限-CSDN博客
【Spring Security系列】基于Spring Security实现权限动态分配之菜单-角色分配及动态鉴权实践_springsecurity 角色关联菜单-CSDN博客
4.3. 工作流基础代码
本章将详细解说工作流基础代码，包含提交申请，查看待我审批，执行审批操作，查看我已审批接口。
4.4. 提交申请
controller层
@GetMapping("")public Boolean addRequest(@RequestBody RequestDTO requestDTO){return requestService.addRequest(requestDTO);}RequestDTO编写
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class RequestDTO {private String workflowId;private String purpose;private String applicantName;private String applicantPhone;private String applicatUsername;private String applicatUnit;private String resourceId;}servic层
public Boolean addRequest(RequestDTO requestDTO) {Request request= BeanCopyUtils.copyBean(requestDTO,Request.class);request.setStatus("1");//设置整个流程状态为正在审核// 1. 插入数据到 request 表baseMapper.insert(request);// 2. 根据 workflow_id 查询业务流程的节点信息，找到 serial_number 为 1 的节点,即流程开始时的第一个节点BusinessApprovalWorkflowDetail firstNode = workflowDetailService.findFirstNodeByWorkflowId(request.getWorkflowId());//获取下一级节点 填充下级节点审批人BusinessApprovalWorkflowDetail nextNode=workflowDetailService.getNextNodeByPreNode(firstNode);if (firstNode != null) {// 创建一个 approval_detail 记录示例，需要根据具体情况设置字段值ApprovalDetail approvalDetail = new ApprovalDetail();approvalDetail.setRequestId(request.getId()); // 假设设置关联的 request_idapprovalDetail.setApproverUsername(firstNode.getNodeUsername()); // 设置首次节点的审批人用户名approvalDetail.setApprovalTime(new Date());approvalDetail.setNextApproverUsername(nextNode.getNodeUsername());//设置下游节点的审批人用户名approvalDetail.setStatus("1"); // 设置初始状态为待审批approvalDetail.setWorkflowId(request.getWorkflowId());approvalDetail.setNodeName(firstNode.getNodeName());approvalDetail.setNextNodeName(nextNode.getNodeName());// 插入数据到 approval_detail 表approvalDetailService.save(approvalDetail);} else {// 如果未找到对应的节点，根据实际需求进行错误处理或日志记录throw new RuntimeException("Unable to find the first node for workflow id: " + request.getWorkflowId());}return true;}上述代码实现了一个方法 addRequest，它接收一个 RequestDTO 对象作为参数，首先将其转换为 Request 对象并插入到数据库的 request 表中，设置流程状态为正在审核。然后根据流程定义查询首个审批节点和下一个审批节点的信息，并将这些信息作为审批详情记录插入到 approval_detail 表中，确保申请与审批流程的正确关联和处理。
4.5. 查看待我审批
controller层
@GetMapping("/pending-approval")public List<ApprovalDetail> getPendingAppprovalList() {return approvalDetailService.getPendingAppprovalList();}servic层
public List<ApprovalDetail> getPendingAppprovalList() {//这里我写死了，实际获取应该走权限框架获取当前在线用户usernameString username="xfc";LambdaQueryWrapper<ApprovalDetail> queryWrapper=new LambdaQueryWrapper<>();queryWrapper.eq(ApprovalDetail::getApproverUsername,username);List<ApprovalDetail> approvalDetails = baseMapper.selectList(queryWrapper);return approvalDetails;}4.6. 执行审批操作
controller层
@PostMapping("/approval")public Boolean approvalApplication(@Validated @RequestBody ApprovalDTO approvalDTO) {return approvalDetailService.approvalApplication(approvalDTO);}servic层
@Transactional@Overridepublic Boolean approvalApplication(ApprovalDTO approvalDTO) {// 这里我写死了，实际获取应该走权限框架获取当前在线用户 usernameString username = "xfc";
// 审批人姓名，从用户表中获取String name="小肥肠";//查询出当前任务节点ApprovalDetail approvalDetail = baseMapper.selectById(approvalDTO.getId());//获取当前审批的申请信息Request request = requestMapper.selectById(approvalDetail.getRequestId());if(request==null){throw new RuntimeException("申请id有误");}// 审批通过if (approvalDTO.getStatus().equals("2")) {// 根据 workflow_id 和 node_name 联查 business_approval_workflow_detail 表，获取当前流程是否为最后节点即 is_final=1BusinessApprovalWorkflowDetail currentWorkflowDetail = businessApprovalWorkflowDetailService.findByWorkflowIdAndNodeName(approvalDTO.getWorkflowId(), approvalDetail.getNodeName());if (currentWorkflowDetail != null && currentWorkflowDetail.getIsFinal().equals("1")) {// 如果是最后节点，则删除该条数据，填充 approval_history 表，根据 request 表修改 request 数据的 status 为 2baseMapper.deleteById(approvalDetail.getId()); // 删除当前审批记录// 填充 approval_history 表ApprovalHistory approvalHistory = new ApprovalHistory();approvalHistory.setRequestId(request.getId());approvalHistory.setApproverName(name); // 设置审批人姓名，或者从用户表中获取approvalHistory.setApprovalTime(new Date());approvalHistory.setStatus("2"); // 通过approvalHistory.setRemark(approvalDTO.getRemark());approvalHistory.setWorkflowId(approvalDTO.getWorkflowId());approvalHistory.setApplicantPhone(request.getApplicantPhone());approvalHistory.setPurpose(request.getPurpose());approvalHistory.setApplicantName(request.getApplicantName());approvalHistory.setApproverUsername(username); // 设置审批人用户名，或者从用户表中获取approvalHistoryMapper.insert(approvalHistory); // 插入审批历史记录// 更新 request 表中的状态为 2（通过）request.setStatus("2");requestMapper.updateById(request);} else {// 如果不是最后节点，则更新 business_approval_workflow_detail 为下一个节点审批信息BusinessApprovalWorkflowDetail nextNode = businessApprovalWorkflowDetailService.getNextNodeByPreNode(currentWorkflowDetail);
// 获取下一级节点的更下一级BusinessApprovalWorkflowDetail nextNextNode=businessApprovalWorkflowDetailService.getNextNodeByPreNode(nextNode);// 更新当前 approval_detail 表中的审批人和下一个审批人信息approvalDetail.setApproverUsername(nextNode.getNodeUsername());approvalDetail.setNextApproverUsername(nextNextNode!=null?nextNextNode.getNodeUsername():null);approvalDetail.setApprovalTime(new Date());approvalDetail.setStatus("1"); // 设置为待审批状态baseMapper.updateById(approvalDetail);}} else if (approvalDTO.getStatus().equals("3")) {// 审批驳回baseMapper.deleteById(approvalDetail.getId()); // 删除当前审批记录// 填充 approval_history 表ApprovalHistory approvalHistory = new ApprovalHistory();approvalHistory.setRequestId(request.getId());approvalHistory.setApproverName(name); // 设置审批人姓名，或者从用户表中获取approvalHistory.setApprovalTime(new Date());approvalHistory.setStatus("3"); // 驳回approvalHistory.setRemark(approvalDTO.getRemark());approvalHistory.setWorkflowId(approvalDTO.getWorkflowId());approvalHistory.setApplicantPhone(request.getApplicantPhone());approvalHistory.setPurpose(request.getPurpose());approvalHistory.setApplicantName(request.getApplicantName());approvalHistory.setApproverUsername(username); // 设置审批人用户名，或者从用户表中获取approvalHistoryMapper.insert(approvalHistory); // 插入审批历史记录// 更新 request 表中的状态为 3（驳回）request.setStatus("3");requestMapper.updateById(request);}return true; // 或者根据实际需求返回其他业务逻辑}上述方法实现了审批申请的功能。首先，根据审批人的用户名查询当前需要审批的详细信息，并根据审批状态（通过或驳回）进行不同的处理逻辑。如果是审批通过并且当前节点为流程的最后一个节点，则删除当前审批记录并更新申请状态为通过；否则，更新到下一个审批节点的信息。如果是审批驳回，则直接删除当前审批记录，并更新申请状态为驳回。通过事务管理，保证了数据库操作的原子性和一致性。
4.7. 查看我已审批
controller层
@GetMapping("/approved")public List<ApprovalHistory> getApprovedList() {return approvalHistoryService.getApprovedList();}servic层
public List<ApprovalHistory> getApprovedList() {//这里我写死了，实际获取应该走权限框架获取当前在线用户usernameString username="xfc";LambdaQueryWrapper<ApprovalHistory>queryWrapper=new LambdaQueryWrapper<>();queryWrapper.eq(ApprovalHistory::getApproverUsername,username);List<ApprovalHistory> approvalHistories = baseMapper.selectList(queryWrapper);return approvalHistories;}5. 结语
在本文中，我们系统地介绍了如何用Java语言自创一套工作流引擎。通过设计核心表结构和实现基础代码框架，我们打下了坚实的理论基础。在下篇文章中，我们将结合实际项目，展示工作流引擎的实际应用和效果。我们将深入探讨工作流引擎在复杂业务流程中的应用。如本文对您有帮助，请动动小手点点关注哦~
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